Standard 3 Packet (45% or about 27-28 questions)

Standard 3.1.1 Explain the double-stranded, complementary nature of DNA as related to its function in the cell.

Identify the three components of a nucleotide:

1. ____________________________

2. ____________________________

3. ____________________________

Place the following terms in the correct location:

Double helix shape, ribonucleic acid, instructions, nucleotides, replication, leaves nucleus, transcription, translation, contains ribose sugar, workers, stays in nucleus, contains thymine base, transfer, contains uracil, nucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, messenger, contains deoxyribose sugar, contains adenine, contains guanine, contains cytosine, phosphate group

DNA RNA

Standard 3.1.2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits.

Use the mRNA codon table to complete the missing information below. The first row has been completed to help you get started. Notice that the tRNA is included in this table. Be sure that you use the codon to determine the amino acid.

DNA	T	A	C	C	T	A	T	C	C	C	T	G	C	T	T
mRNA
Amino acid

4. What are the bonds that join amino acids together called? _______________________________________________

5. For this reason, proteins can also be called _______________________________________.

6. Proteins can make up parts of a cell (__________________________) or be used as hormones, enzymes, or other chemicals (_________________________________).

Labeling

Label the components on the picture to the right.

A. ______________________________

B. ______________________________

C. ______________________________

D. ______________________________

E. ______________________________

F. ______________________________

G. ______________________________

Standard 3.1.3 Explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with the environment (radiation and chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype.

7. What are the two types of mutations that can occur? ___________________________________________________

8. Which mutation is worse? Why? ___________________________________________________________________

9. Below, you will see 3 DNA sequences. Create a mutation and write out the new strand to the right. Include

an example of each type of gene mutation. Indicate where the mutation occurred and identify the type of

mutation.

Original DNA Sequence	Changed DNA Sequence	Mutation Type

C T G G G G C A G T T A A C C	_______________________________	Point Mutation/Substitution

C T G G G G C A G T T A A C C	_______________________________	Frameshift - Insertion

C T G G G G C A G T T A A C C	_______________________________	Frameshift – Deletion

10. Of the three types of gene mutations, which is more damaging, and why?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Use the karyotype to the right to answer the questions:

Is this person male or female? _______

What disorder does this person suffer from? ____________
__________________________________________________

What type of mutation is shown in the karyotype?

___________________________________________________

What causes chromosomal mutations?

____________________________________________________

In order to pass a mutation onto your offspring, what type of cell

must the mutation occur in? _____________________________

If a mutation occurs in a somatic cell, what process can occur? ______________________________

Standard 3.2.1 Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic variation.

Mitosis: Number the pictures so they are in order.

How many cell divisions in mitosis: 1 or 2? ________

Is mitosis a part of Asexual or Sexual Reproduction? ______________

How many and what type of cells are produced in meiosis (haploid or diploid)? __________________

How many chromosomes are produced as a result of mitosis? __________________________

Meiosis: Use the pictures to remind you of the process. Answer the questions that follow.

How many cell divisions in meiosis: 1 or 2? ________

Is meiosis a part of Asexual or Sexual Reproduction? _____________

How many, and what types of cells are produced in meiosis (haploid or diploid)? __________

In both Mitosis and Meiosis, DNA must first undergo _________________

How many chromosomes are produced as a result of meiosis?

______________

Sources of Genetic Variation during Mitosis & Meiosis: Vocabulary

***Genetic variation is important because the more variation there is within a species, the more likely the species will be able to survive environmental changes (evolve and adapt)!***

Word Bank for Sources of Genetic Variation: Crossing Over, Fertilization, Gene Mutation, Nondisjunction, Independent Assortment

When homologous chromosomes pair up during Metaphase 1, the position of the maternal (mom) and paternal (dad) chromosomes are random.

When homologous chromosomes (one from mom, one from dad) pair up during Metaphase 1, segments of homologous chromosomes can break off and switch places. [See picture to the right.]

During DNA Replication (in interphase) mistakes can be made that change the sequence of amino acids in proteins (which can result in new adaptations!).

When homologous chromosomes do not separate during Anaphase 1.

When a sperm fuses with an egg

Standard 3.2.2 Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits).

Genetics: Vocabulary

Word Bank: Hemophilia, Huntington’s Disease, PKU, Codominance, Simple Dominance, Incomplete Dominance, Multiple Alleles, Polygenic, Sex-Linked, Test Cross, Simple Recessive, Cystic Fibrosis, Color Blind, Sickle-Cell Anemia

________________________ 31) Recessive trait is completely hidden when a dominant allele is present (ex. Tt tall

plant)

________________________ 32) Results in the blending of traits (ex. pink flowers, medium height).

________________________ 33) Results in the expression of both traits Ex. sickle cell anemia (AS half are normal

and half are sickled); Ex. AB blood type (blood cells have both A and B antigens);

Ex. roan cattle (brown and white)

________________________ 34) Gene has multiple (more than 2) alleles for a trait. Ex. Blood type – IA, IB, i

________________________ 35) Traits that are controlled by more than one gene, resulting in lots of variation.

Ex. Human skin & hair color

________________________ 36) Traits that are found on the X chromosome, which results in a high % of males

expressing the trait.

________________________ 37) Used to determine the genotype of an individual expressing a dominant trait

(Is it AA or Aa?)

________________________ 38) Disease that is sex-linked; individuals’ blood cannot clot

________________________ 39) Disease that is dominant; brain degeneration occurs

________________________ 40) Disease that is recessive; individuals cannot process phenylalanine and brain damage

can occur

________________________ 41) Disease that is sex-linked that leads to the inability to process colors; red and green

are most common

________________________ 42) Disease that is recessive; production of sticky mucus occurs which leads to chronic

lung bacterial infections

Genetics: Diagrams

A a B b Look at the diagram of the diploid cell with 2 pairs of homologous chromosomes to the right. What are the 4 possible gametes that can be created from this diploid cell (because of independent assortment)?

Draw the Four Possible Gametes:

Sex Chromosomes:	Normal Males have XX or XY? _____	Normal Females have XX or XY? _____

Use the pedigrees below to answer the questions:

Males are represented with squares or circles?: ________

Females are represented with squares or circles?: ________

The pedigree to the right is for the sex-linked recessive trait colorblindness (XC).
What are the genotypes for the individuals below?

I1: ______

I2: ______

II1: ______

II2: ______

III2: ______

Genetics: Skills

Two heterozygous tall plants are crossed.

Punnett Square:

What is the genotypic ratio? ______ TT: ______Tt: ______tt

What is the phenotypic ratio? _____ tall: _____ short

If T was incompletely dominant over t, what would the phenotype ratio be? _____ tall: _____ medium: ____short

Huntington’s disease (H) is a dominant autosomal (not sex-linked) disease. A heterozygous man with Huntington’s disease marries a homozygous normal woman. Draw a Punnett Square to show their possible offspring.

Punnett Square:

What percentage of their offspring are likely to have Huntington’s Disease? _________

Normal wings (N) is dominant to vestigial wings (n). A male fruit fly with normal wings mates with a female that has vestigial wings. What are the genotypes of the parents if the offspring ALL have normal wings?

Punnett Square (you may need to try more than one):

Genotypes of Parents: Female: _____, Male: _____

Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait (XC). A normal male marries a female who is a carrier for colorblindness.

Punnett Square:

What percentage of all of their children are expected to be colorblind? _________

What percentage of the males will be colorblind? _____

What percentage of the females will be colorblind? _____

What are the possible blood types of the children of a mother with AB blood type and a father with heterozygous B blood type? (Hint: Use IA, IB, i)

Punnett Square:

Phenotypic Ratio for the children: _____ Type A: _____Type B: _____Type AB: _____ Type O

Standard 3.2.3 Explain how the environment can influence the expression of genetic traits.

Word Bank: diabetes, digestive, endocrine, fetus, lung/mouth cancer, lead, malaria, mercury, phenylalanine, smoking, sun exposure Genetics & Environment:

Sickle cell allele provides humans resistance to _________________ which is caused by the protist parasite, Plasmodium. Humans are required for the reproductive cycle of the parasite.

Tobacco use can cause ______________________.

______________________ can cause skin cancer, but also causes your body to make much-needed vitamin D.

Smoking while pregnant can cause problems in the development of the _____________.

_________________ is caused when the body cannot regulate the amount of glucose in the blood.

Glucose enters the blood stream when food is broken down in the __________________ system.

Insulin is needed to remove glucose from the blood and transfer it to other body cells that use glucose for energy. The amount of insulin is determined by the ________________ system, the body system that regulates hormones.

People with PKU (phenylketonuria) cannot break down the amino acid ____________________ . If this amino acid builds up in the body, it can cause brain damage.

Two environmental toxins that affect humans are ____________ (found in fish like tuna) and _________ (found in paint).

Standard 3.3.1 Interpret how DNA is used for comparison and identification of organisms.

Standard 3.3.2 Summarize how the transgenic organisms are engineered to benefit society.

DNA Technology: Skills

DNA fingerprinting uses gel electrophoresis (separation of DNA fragments by moving them through a gel with electricity) to identify criminals. Who did the crime: Suspect 1 or Suspect 2? _______________ Which suspect has the shortest fragments of DNA? ____________

Put the steps of creating a transgenic organism in order:

61. Bacteria reproduces, copying the foreign DNA along with its own DNA.

62. A restriction enzyme is used to cut a human gene (insulin) out of human DNA.

63. The human gene is placed into the bacterial plasmid via a vector.

64. A plasmid is cut and removed from a bacteria with a restriction enzyme.

______________________________________________________________

Word Bank: cloning, DNA fingerprinting, vector, gel electrophoresis, Human genome project, restriction enzyme, embryonic stem cells, transgenic organism, genetically modified organism DNA Technology: Vocabulary

Separates DNA fragments by moving them

through a gel with electricity.

Used to cut DNA into small fragments.

An organism that contains DNA from a different organism – ex. a bacteria can be made

to produce human insulin when a human gene is inserted in its plasmid DNA.

Was developed to determine which genes are found on which chromosomes in humans.

Used to determine paternity and solve crimes.

Cells that have the potential to become any type of cell

An organism whose genes have been changed so that it is now resistant to insects, cold,

mosaic viruses, rotting, etc – EX: Flavr Savr tomatoes

An identical organism is created from the DNA of a parent organism.

Method used to get foreign DNA into an organism.

74. Could the man in the third lane be the father? _________

Standard 3.3.3 Evaluate some of the ethical issues surrounding the use of DNA technology (including cloning, genetically modified organisms, stem cell research, and Human Genome Project).

75. What were the goals of the human genome project?

76. How will the human genome project be useful in finding whether individuals may carry genes for genetic conditions?

77. How will the human genome project be useful in developing gene therapies?

Standard 3.4.1 Explain how fossil, biochemical, and anatomical evidence support the theory of evolution.

Word Bank: anaerobic, asexually, geographic, interbreed, mutations, prokaryotes, reproductive, sexual, survival of the fittest, speciation

Theory of Evolution, Natural Selection, and the Formation of New Species: The first living organisms were _____________ bacteria because the early atmosphere did not have oxygen. These bacteria were very simple ______________ - i.e. they did not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. They reproduced _______________, which means that reproduction occurred when one bacteria divided into two identical daughter bacteria. There were not male and female bacteria. Therefore, the only variation between individual bacteria was due to mistakes during DNA replication. These mistakes are called __________________. Variation is very important in evolution because natural selection acts on the variation between individuals. The evolution of _____________ reproduction resulted in more variation among individuals – due to crossing-over, random assortment of chromosomes, the meeting of a random sperm and egg during fertilization, etc. Natural selection selects for organisms that have the most adaptive traits and therefore can survive and produce more offspring to populate the next generation. This is why natural selection is also called __________________________________. New species arise when populations get separated from each other by ______________ isolation (ex. a mountain range, a river, an island). The creation of a new species is called ______________________. In different environments (ex. east of the river vs. west of the river), different traits will be selected for and organisms with these adaptive traits will become more common in the population. Eventually, the two populations will be so different that individuals from each population will no longer be able to mate together and produce viable offspring (or _________________). At this point, the two populations have achieved _____________ isolation and they are considered two separate species.

Evidence of Evolution:

(75) Fossil evidence

(76) __________________ evidence – using similar proteins and nucleic acid sequences to show relatedness of species

(77) __________________ structures – similar anatomical structure but have different functions based on their environment.

(78) __________________ structures – different anatomical structure but similar functions based on similar natural selection pressures.

(79) __________________ structures – structures reduced in size that appear to have no current function

(80) __________________ - comparing early anatomy of fetus to other species that shows descent from a common ancestor

Amphibians Bacteria Mammals Plants Protists Viruses Organism Matching:

Unicellular photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms

Multicellular photosynthetic organisms whose cells have cell walls made of

cellulose.

Multicellular heterotrophs that use external fertilization (ex. female frog

laying eggs and male frogs release their sperm over the eggs).

Multicellular heterotrophs that can regulate their body temperature

(endothermic), give birth to live offspring, produce milk with mammary glands,

and have internal fertilization.

Prokaryotic unicellular organisms that sometimes cause diseases; Examples are streptococcus and

staphylococcus.

Nonliving; Examples are HIV, influenza, smallpox

Random Reminders:

Early mammal development: zygote embryo fetus

Folds in the stomach lining and small intestine & villi (finger-like projections) in the small intestine increase the __________ _________ to allow greater absorption of nutrients. Animals that breathe or absorb nutrients through their skin tend to have folds in skin to allow for greater surface area and greater absorption.

Standard 3.4.2 Explain how natural selection influences the changes in species over time.

Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection

Populations of organisms have many genetic variations. Where do these come from?

Organisms could reproduce exponentially but they don’t. Why not? What are they restricted by?

Genetic variations lead to different adaptations. What are adaptations?

Some adaptations have better survival value in certain environments. What does this mean?

5) Those organisms with adaptations that better fit them to an environment will survive, reproduce and pass on their genes. What does it mean to be “fit” to an environment?

Standard 3.4.3 Develop a cause and effect model for the role of disease agents in natural selection including evolutionary selection of resistance to antibiotics and pesticides in various species, passive/active immunity, antivirals and vaccines.

Immune System Matching:

Active Immunity Antibodies Antigen Memory B-cells Passive Immunity Vaccines Destroy infected cells

Produce antibodies and “remember” specific antigens so they can respond

more quickly when infected by the same bacteria next time.

A part of an infecting bacterium that is recognized by B-cells as foreign.

When antibodies are produced by the person that has been infected by

bacteria

When antibodies are given to a person from a different source (ex. to a fetus

from the mother).

Attenuated (heat-killed) bacteria/viruses given to a person to train their immune system

Standard 3.5.1 Explain the historical development and changing nature of classification system.

Classification: Aristotle first classified all living things into 2 categories: ___________________ and _______________ based on their physical appearance. Linnaeus later categorized all living things based on physical and ____________________ similarities. The naming system Linnaeus implemented is still used today: ______________ nomenclature that uses Latin. The first word is the genus, the second word is the species name.

____ 93. How do scientists write scientific names? __________________________________________________

Taxon	Green Frog	Mountain Lion	Domestic Dog	Human
Kingdom	Animalia	Animalia	Animalia	Animalia
Phylum	Chordata	Chordata	Chordata	Chordata
Class	Amphibia	Mammalia	Mammalia	Mammalia
Order	Anura	Carnivora	Carnivora	Primates
Family	Ranidae	Felidae	Canidae	Hominidae
Genus	Rana	Felis	Canis	Homo
Species	Rana clamitans	Felis concolor	Canis familiaris	Homo sapiens

94. Which taxon includes the most specific characteristics? _______________________________________

95. Which taxon includes the broadest characteristics? __________________________________________

96. Which taxon includes more species, an order or a family? _____________________________________

97. Which taxon includes only organisms that can successfully interbreed? _________________________

98. If two organisms belong to the same family, what other taxonomic groups do the organisms have in common.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Standard 3.5.2 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships (including dichotomous keys and phylogenetic trees)

Evolution & Classification: Diagrams

Phylogenetic trees / Cladograms:

Which 2 species are most closely related? ________________ and _______________

Which organism was the first to evolve? ________________

Which evolved first in evolutionary history: jaws or hair? ________________

Tuna and leopards have what characteristic(s) in common? _______________________

What technique has led to the discovery of more accurate evolutionary relationships?

____________________________

Dichotomous Keys:

What is the genus of Bird W? ________________________

What is the genus of Bird X? ________________________

What is the genus of Bird Y? ________________________

What is the genus of Bird Z? ________________________

What two genuses probably have the closest evolutionary relationship?: _____________ and

_____________