1st Six Weeks
Unit 1: Biomolecules
Goal 4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms.
4.1.1 Compare the structures and functions of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as
related to the survival of living organisms. Compare the structure and function of each of the listed organic molecules in organisms:
• Carbohydrates (glucose, cellulose, starch, glycogen)
• Proteins (insulin, enzymes, hemoglobin)
• Lipids (phospholipids, steroids)
• Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)
4.1.3 Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions. Develop a cause and effect model for specificity of enzymes - the folding produces a 3-D shape that is linked to the protein function, enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts) by lowering the activation energy, are re-usable and specific, and are affected by such factors as pH and temperature.
4.1.1 Compare the structures and functions of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as
related to the survival of living organisms. Compare the structure and function of each of the listed organic molecules in organisms:
• Carbohydrates (glucose, cellulose, starch, glycogen)
• Proteins (insulin, enzymes, hemoglobin)
• Lipids (phospholipids, steroids)
• Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)
4.1.3 Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions. Develop a cause and effect model for specificity of enzymes - the folding produces a 3-D shape that is linked to the protein function, enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts) by lowering the activation energy, are re-usable and specific, and are affected by such factors as pH and temperature.
UNIT 2: CELL STRUCTURE, DIFFERENTIATION, UNICELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
Goal 1.1 Understand the relationship between the structures and functions of cells and their organelles.
1.1.1 Summarize the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic cells (including the nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes) and ways that these organelles interact with each other to perform the function of the cell. Identify these cell organelles in diagrams of plant and animal cells. Explain how the structure of the organelle determines it function. (Example: folded inner membrane in mitochondria increases surface area for energy production during aerobic cellular respiration). Summarize how these organelles interact to carry out functions such as energy production and use, transport of molecules, disposal of waste, and synthesis of new molecules. (Example: DNA codes for proteins which are assembled by the ribosomes and used as enzymes for energy production at the mitochondria).
1.1.2 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of their general structures (plasma membrane and genetic material) and degree of complexity. Proficiently use proper light microscopic techniques as well as determine total power magnification. The purpose is to use microscopes to observe a variety of cells with particular emphasis on the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic as well as plant and animal cells. While students are not expected to understand how scanning and electron transmission microscopes work, they should recognize that they reveal greater detail about eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell differences. Infer that prokaryotic cells are less complex than eukaryotic cells. Compare the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to conclude the following:
Presence of membrane bound organelles – mitochondria, nucleus, vacuole, and chloroplasts are not present in prokaryotes.
Ribosomes are found in both.
DNA and RNA are present in both, but are not enclosed by a membrane in prokaryotes.
Contrasts in chromosome structure – circular DNA strands called plasmids are characteristic of prokaryotes.
Contrasts in size – prokaryotic cells are smaller.
1.1.3 Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms. Compare a variety of specialized cells and understand how the functions of these cells vary. (Possible examples could include nerve cells, muscle cells, blood cells, sperm cells, xylem and phloem.) Explain that multicellular organisms begin as undifferentiated masses of cells and that variation in DNA expression and gene activity determines the differentiation of cells and ultimately their specialization. During the process of differentiation, only specific parts of the DNA are activated; the parts of the DNA that are activated. Determine the function and specialized structure of a cell. Because all cells contain the same DNA, all cells initially have the potential to become any type of cell; however, once a cell differentiates, the process cannot be reversed. Nearly all of the cells of a multicellular organism have exactly the same chromosomes and DNA. Different parts of the genetic instructions are used in different types of cells, influenced by the cell's environment and past history
1.1.1 Summarize the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic cells (including the nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes) and ways that these organelles interact with each other to perform the function of the cell. Identify these cell organelles in diagrams of plant and animal cells. Explain how the structure of the organelle determines it function. (Example: folded inner membrane in mitochondria increases surface area for energy production during aerobic cellular respiration). Summarize how these organelles interact to carry out functions such as energy production and use, transport of molecules, disposal of waste, and synthesis of new molecules. (Example: DNA codes for proteins which are assembled by the ribosomes and used as enzymes for energy production at the mitochondria).
1.1.2 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of their general structures (plasma membrane and genetic material) and degree of complexity. Proficiently use proper light microscopic techniques as well as determine total power magnification. The purpose is to use microscopes to observe a variety of cells with particular emphasis on the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic as well as plant and animal cells. While students are not expected to understand how scanning and electron transmission microscopes work, they should recognize that they reveal greater detail about eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell differences. Infer that prokaryotic cells are less complex than eukaryotic cells. Compare the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells to conclude the following:
Presence of membrane bound organelles – mitochondria, nucleus, vacuole, and chloroplasts are not present in prokaryotes.
Ribosomes are found in both.
DNA and RNA are present in both, but are not enclosed by a membrane in prokaryotes.
Contrasts in chromosome structure – circular DNA strands called plasmids are characteristic of prokaryotes.
Contrasts in size – prokaryotic cells are smaller.
1.1.3 Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms. Compare a variety of specialized cells and understand how the functions of these cells vary. (Possible examples could include nerve cells, muscle cells, blood cells, sperm cells, xylem and phloem.) Explain that multicellular organisms begin as undifferentiated masses of cells and that variation in DNA expression and gene activity determines the differentiation of cells and ultimately their specialization. During the process of differentiation, only specific parts of the DNA are activated; the parts of the DNA that are activated. Determine the function and specialized structure of a cell. Because all cells contain the same DNA, all cells initially have the potential to become any type of cell; however, once a cell differentiates, the process cannot be reversed. Nearly all of the cells of a multicellular organism have exactly the same chromosomes and DNA. Different parts of the genetic instructions are used in different types of cells, influenced by the cell's environment and past history
Unit 3: Protein Synthesis
Bio.3.1 Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function of DNA.
Bio.3.1.2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits.
• Explain the process of protein synthesis:
Transcription that produces an RNA copy of DNA, which is further modified into the three types of RNA
mRNA traveling to the ribosome (rRNA)
Translation – tRNA supplies appropriate amino acids
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptides. Polypeptide chains form protein molecules. Proteins can be structural (forming a part of the cell materials) or functional (hormones, enzymes, or chemicals involved in cell chemistry).
• Interpret a codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence produced by a particular sequence of bases.
• Explain how an amino acid sequence forms a protein that leads to a particular function and phenotype (trait) in an organism
Bio.3.1.3 Explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with the environment (i.e. radiation and chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype.
• Understand that mutations are changes in DNA coding and can be deletions, additions, or substitutions. Mutations can be random and spontaneous or caused by radiation and/or chemical exposure.
• Develop a cause and effect model in order to describe how mutations: changing amino acid sequence, protein function, phenotype. Only mutations in sex cells (egg and sperm) or in the gamete produced from the primary sex cells can result in heritable changes.
Bio.3.1.2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits.
• Explain the process of protein synthesis:
Transcription that produces an RNA copy of DNA, which is further modified into the three types of RNA
mRNA traveling to the ribosome (rRNA)
Translation – tRNA supplies appropriate amino acids
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptides. Polypeptide chains form protein molecules. Proteins can be structural (forming a part of the cell materials) or functional (hormones, enzymes, or chemicals involved in cell chemistry).
• Interpret a codon chart to determine the amino acid sequence produced by a particular sequence of bases.
• Explain how an amino acid sequence forms a protein that leads to a particular function and phenotype (trait) in an organism
Bio.3.1.3 Explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with the environment (i.e. radiation and chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype.
• Understand that mutations are changes in DNA coding and can be deletions, additions, or substitutions. Mutations can be random and spontaneous or caused by radiation and/or chemical exposure.
• Develop a cause and effect model in order to describe how mutations: changing amino acid sequence, protein function, phenotype. Only mutations in sex cells (egg and sperm) or in the gamete produced from the primary sex cells can result in heritable changes.
Unit 4: Cell Energy
Bio.1.2.1 Explain how homeostasis is maintained in a cell and within an organism in various environments (including temperature and pH).
Compare the mechanisms of active vs. passive transport (diffusion and osmosis). Explain changes in osmotic pressure that occurs when cells are placed in solutions of differing concentrations.
Bio 4.2.2 Explain ways that organisms use released energy for maintaining homeostasis (active transport).
Compare the mechanisms of active vs. passive transport (diffusion and osmosis). Explain changes in osmotic pressure that occurs when cells are placed in solutions of differing concentrations.
Bio 4.2.2 Explain ways that organisms use released energy for maintaining homeostasis (active transport).